William Bryan was vacationing in Florida with his wife when he started experiencing abdominal pain on his left side. After investigations at the hospital, a surgeon convinced him to get his spleen removed and said that if Bryan chose to leave the hospital without the surgery, he would experience serious complications.

Bryan reluctantly agreed to the procedure. However, during the operation, the surgeon mistakenly severed the major blood vessels supplying Bryan’s liver and removed his liver instead of the spleen. Bryan bled out on the operating table and died.

The liver is usually much larger than the spleen and is located in the upper-right portion of the abdominal cavity, while the spleen is in the upper left. A competent surgeon would not have made this fatal error.

The man’s distraught widow is calling for justice for her husband and wants to warn other prospective patients about the surgeon, according to an NBC News report. In a public service announcement, the family’s lawyer said there’s evidence this is not the first time the doctor has removed the wrong organ during surgery.

How and why does wrong-site surgery happen?

Wrong-site surgery is where a surgeon operates on the wrong body part or examines the wrong area during an invasive procedure. It is the most dramatic, visible, and devastating of all surgical errors. There have been news reports of cases where a surgeon operated on the wrong limb or eye, for example. Wrong-site surgery is harmful to patients and can even lead to their death. In many cases, the patient must undergo additional surgery and hospital time.

A case study in the Annals of Internal Medicine describes a situation where doctors mistook one patient for another due to a name mix-up and performed an unintended invasive cardiac electrophysiology study. Those reviewing the case discovered at least 17 separate errors, none of which could have caused this unfortunate event alone.

From 1995 to 2005, The Joint Commission found that wrong-site surgery was the second-most frequently reported sentinel event — a patient safety event resulting in death or harm. Across all surgeries, the overwhelming top contributing factor to wrong-site surgery was failure to follow protocol.

These discoveries were published in A Contemporary Analysis of Closed Claims Related to Wrong-Site Surgery in The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety. The findings led to The Joint Commission implementing the Universal Protocol for Preventing Wrong-Site, Wrong-Procedure, and Wrong-Person Surgery in 2003.

Following this, in 2008, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the mandatory Global Patient Safety Challenge, Safe Surgery Saves Lives. This challenge aimed to make surgery safer worldwide by defining a safety standard that all WHO Member States could apply. After extensive consultation, the WHO developed a Surgical Safety Checklist to decrease errors and adverse events and increase teamwork and communication in surgery.

The checklist has three main components:

• Sign-in (before starting anesthesia).
• Time-out (after starting anesthesia and before surgical incision).
• Sign-out (during or after surgery but before moving the patient out of the operating theatre). The 19-item checklist has resulted in a significant decrease in morbidity and mortality. The
• majority of surgical providers around the world now use it.

How can patients protect themselves?

Wrong-site or unnecessary surgery is preventable and should never happen. But, like all of us, doctors sometimes make mistakes. As a doctor’s daughter, one lesson I’ve always remembered from my father is, with health and medical matters:

“Be the squeaky wheel because that’s the one that gets fixed.”

People who lie quietly in hospital beds without asking questions or getting second opinions may die before those who advocate for themselves and speak up when they are not getting the treatment they need or expect.

Don’t just unquestioningly accept everything your doctor says. In the game of life, you don’t get extra points for being a good patient.

In a study published in the Journal of Patient Safety, researchers looked at the steps patients took after feeling unhappy with the service they’d received at a hospital in Queensland, Australia. The researchers proposed that it was necessary to determine the effectiveness of the hospital’s complaint-handling process from the patient’s perspective before they could use the complaints to help make improvements. In their conclusions, they noted,

“Healthcare professionals should take a more active role in identifying and responding to patients who are experiencing dissatisfaction but are not actively complaining. This level of vigilance and responsiveness will ensure opportunities to improve health service delivery and patient safety are not lost.”

A good doctor will encourage their patients to ask questions. They will not take it personally if a patient expresses concerns about their suggested treatment plan or wants a second opinion. A competent practitioner who has given sound advice will likely find the patient will return to them and follow their recommendations.

Patients who advocate for themselves have a better chance of survival

With our bodies and health, we should have the right to assert our best interests. However, many of us feel uncomfortable advocating for ourselves. We may not have seen our parents or teachers model this behaviour or had much practice with it. Sometimes, our past experiences or beliefs about whether our needs are valid prevent us from being assertive and fighting for our rights.

In a working paper published in the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), researchers reported a disturbing discovery of racial differences in C-section delivery. A large study of close to one million births at New Jersey hospitals found that obstetricians are more likely to unnecessarily perform C-sections on Black mothers with low risk factors than white mothers and that overall, Black women were 25% more likely to deliver by C-section.

Experts speculate about the reasons. However, further studies are required to reveal the motivation behind these surgeries. Unnecessary C-sections put women and babies at risk of medical complications like ruptured surgical wounds and also result in higher medical bills.

As a member of the Tri-Cities Community Action Team, based in Coquitlam, Canada, I regularly meet people who are struggling with substance use disorder. Many of these people turned to drugs initially to help cope with pain from physical injuries. Their doctors often prescribed opioids without offering alternate pain relief therapies, leading to a lifetime of addiction and misery.

Self-advocacy requires communicating our values and needs in a way others will understand. With practice, we can become more skilled in speaking up for ourselves. To advocate effectively, we need to find out what support, treatments and resources are available and learn as much about our situation as possible. We must then communicate clearly and ask questions about the available options.

Loved ones can support us during medical appointments

When speaking with a doctor about any serious health issue, asking a loved one to accompany us is wise. It’s also a good idea to do some research before medical appointments so we can ask intelligent questions. For many people, on hearing the words, “You have cancer” or some other life-threatening condition, they hear almost nothing afterwards. The doctor’s words just turned their world upside down, and the sudden grief and stress they experience at this moment reduces their ability to listen, understand and remember the doctor’s recommendations.

Having a companion there can be helpful as they can make notes, give information about our symptoms that we may not have the confidence to disclose and ask difficult questions on our behalf. After leaving the doctor, this person can check in with us and help ensure we have followed the doctor’s recommendations for recovery.

Some stoic individuals don’t want to be any trouble to the doctor and will suffer in silence rather than being a bother. Others are too embarrassed or ashamed to discuss their symptoms and conditions, which the doctor could have caught and treated early. They are sometimes left until it’s too late. There are also cases where the person is too sick or injured to communicate, and we may have to make tough decisions on their behalf.

We only have one body to live in for our entire lives, so taking good care of it is essential. It’s important to speak up if a medical professional suggests a course of action we are uncomfortable with. We must take responsibility for our health and wellness, maintain our records, seek clarification and explore our options before agreeing to a treatment plan. With medical issues, we can improve our chances of survival by being assertive.

Remember, if in doubt — speak out.

After 25 years as a Canadian Red Cross Training Partner, I’ve heard many fascinating and horrifying anecdotes about how best to give first aid to the sick or injured. I’ve also been amazed at how some people have survived despite the unconventional treatment they’ve received from well-meaning bystanders.

There are many ways to provide first aid. Some are effective, while others are downright reckless. In this article, I’d like to dispel some of the most popular myths surrounding this topic. With each myth listed below, I’ve provided the current first aid recommendations from the Red Cross.

Emergency Medical Services is abbreviated as EMS. I’ve omitted the phone number as it varies by country. Ensure you and your loved ones know your local EMS phone number.

Based on my experience and reviews from Red Cross resources, I will cover 17 important first-aid topics in this story and distill critical information to give you valuable content for use.

1. Heart Attack

Myth: You must make a person lie down if they’re having a heart attack.
A heart attack usually happens when a sudden blockage in the heart prevents oxygenated blood from reaching an area of the heart muscle. It is not necessary to make a person lie down. They will put themselves in a position they find most comfortable. For first aid for heart attack:

1. Call EMS and have the person rest comfortably, either sitting or lying, to ease the strain on the heart. Encourage them to sit on the floor leaning against a sturdy object like a chair or the wall. They can’t fall off the floor and are less likely to hurt themselves if they collapse.

2. If Aspirin (ASA) is available, encourage the person to chew one 325 mg or two 80 mg ASA tablets unless the person has an allergy or a contraindication to ASA, such as a bleeding disorder. Ensure that the person thoroughly chews and swallows the ASA. Do not repeat the dosage.

3. If the person takes a prescribed medication like nitroglycerin to relieve chest pain, offer to fetch the medication and help the person to take it. If the person has nitroglycerin in a spray or pill form, ensure they spray or place it under their tongue.

4. Reassure the person. Anxiety may increase the person’s discomfort.

2. Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs)

An AED is a small, portable electronic device that automatically diagnoses life-threatening heart rhythms and can treat them through defibrillation — the application of an electrical shock. The shock stops the arrhythmia, allowing the heart to re-establish an effective rhythm.

Myth: AEDs are complicated to use.
Although AEDs may appear complicated, they are easy to use. Press the power button, and the machine will talk to you and tell you what to do. If you can apply the electrical pads to the person’s chest within three minutes and deliver a shock if required, you will significantly increase their chances of survival.

A defibrillator will not deliver a shock if a casualty does not need it, so you cannot harm the person. However, to give the person the best chance of survival, you must provide quality CPR (chest compressions with rescue breathing). CPR pumps oxygenated blood to the heart and brain, keeping the person alive until advanced medical care arrives. Therefore, learning how to give quality CPR and use an AED is essential.

3. Sprains

A sprain occurs when a ligament is stretched, torn, or damaged.

Myth: You should apply heat to a muscle, bone, or joint injury to speed healing.

Applying heat dilates (widens) the blood vessels in the area, bringing more blood to the area and increasing swelling. Therefore, heat is not the best treatment for an acute muscle, bone, or joint injury.

Applying cold constricts (narrows) to the blood vessels reduces blood flow to the area and helps reduce swelling. In addition, it slows the nerve impulses and helps to relieve pain. For first aid for sprains:

If the injury seems severe or the person is in significant pain, call EMS.
If a person has a suspected sprained joint, encourage them to see their healthcare provider to confirm that they do not have a fracture.
When treating an injury, apply cold initially. For a sprain, apply a cold pack for about 20 minutes. Use the RICE treatment of Rest, Immobilize, Cold, and Elevation for the first 24 hours.
Ice decreases blood flow, so expect less swelling and inflammation. However, if the swelling doesn’t go down, the person should see a doctor.

4 . Fainting

Fainting is a brief period of unconsciousness that occurs when the brain is not receiving adequate blood flow. If someone suddenly becomes unresponsive and “comes to” after about a minute, the person may have simply fainted.

Myth: If someone feels faint, get them to put their head between their legs
If a person who is feeling lightheaded puts their head between their legs, there’s a risk they might fall forward and injure themselves. A person may become pale, dizzy, nauseous, or sweaty before fainting. If you think that someone is about to faint, have them lie down. For first aid for fainting:

If the person loses consciousness, roll them onto their side and place them in the recovery position.
Call EMS and get an AED if the person has been unresponsive for more than a few minutes, is pregnant, has an unknown medical history, or you suspect that the person fainted as a result of a serious injury or illness. If you are unsure, call EMS and get an AED.
Encourage the person to follow up with their healthcare provider.

5. Nosebleeds

Myth: Leaning backward stops a nosebleed.
Getting a person to tilt their head back will not stop a nosebleed. The blood will go down their throat instead of flowing out of the nose, which could lead to choking, stomach irritation, and vomiting. First aid for nosebleeds:

Have the person sit with the head slightly forward. Have them firmly pinch the nostrils below the bony bridge for 10 to 15 minutes until the bleeding stops. Don’t put tissues or gauze into the nose to stop a nosebleed; do not pinch the nose if the person has a severe head injury.
Once the bleeding has stopped, advise the person to avoid blowing, rubbing, or picking their nose because this could start the bleeding again.
If the person loses responsiveness, put them in the recovery position to help the blood drain from their nose and call Emergency Medical Services.

6. Bleeding

Myth: Coffee grounds stop bleeding.

Applying coffee grounds to a wound to stop bleeding can lead to the wound becoming infected. It also makes it very hard for healthcare providers to clean out a wound requiring stitches. Bleeding that can’t be stopped at home likely needs medical care. For first aid to stop bleeding:

Apply firm, direct pressure to the wound
While maintaining direct pressure, apply a dressing and bandage it in place.
If blood soaks through the bandage, put another bandage on top.
If direct pressure does not control the bleeding, consider using a tourniquet.

7. Burns

Burns are soft tissue injuries caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.

Myth: For heat burns, apply ice or butter.
Putting ice or butter directly on a burned area will worsen the burn. Ice applied directly to burned skin can increase skin damage. Any greasy substance on a burn insulates the area and drives the burn into the flesh. It slows healing and makes it harder for a doctor to treat the burned area.

First aid for burns caused by heat:

Cool the affected area with water or a clean, cool (but not freezing compress) for at least 10 minutes.
Remove jewelry and clothing from the burn site, but do not attempt to move anything stuck to the skin.
Cover the burn loosely with a dry, sterile dressing. If the burn begins to blister, change colour, or look infected, get medical treatment. Always seek medical attention for second or third-degree burns.

8. Hypothermia

Hypothermia is a serious condition that occurs when a person’s body loses heat faster than it can produce it, and the body temperature becomes dangerously low.

Myth: A shot of alcohol can warm a hypothermic patient.
Alcohol may give a pleasant feeling of warmth, but it dilates the blood vessels, which causes more heat loss, not less. Alcohol delays the onset of shivering — a mechanism that produces heat — and reduces its duration. It can also affect a person’s judgment and coordination, both of which are best avoided.

Hypothermia slows a person’s breathing, so you’ll need to spend a little longer than usual checking their ABCs. If the person is unresponsive and you suspect hypothermia, check for signs of breathing for 60 seconds. First aid for hypothermia:

• Call EMS and get an AED if the person has moderate to severe hypothermia.
• Handle the person gently to avoid triggering ventricular fibrillation and keep them lying down. Only move the person if it is necessary. Take care not to jostle or bump them.
• Remove wet clothing, providing the area is sheltered from the cold environment.
• Prevent further heat loss by replacing the person’s wet clothes with dry ones and warming them in a sheltered area.
• Add layers of clothing and a hat or other head covering. Focus on warming the core first.
• If the person is conscious and able to swallow, have them drink warm, sweet fluids.
• Have the severely hypothermic patient rest and stay still until they are sufficiently warm unless you have special training in rapid or active re-warming techniques.
• Putting two hypothermic people together in the same sleeping bag is not a good way to warm them. One person must have a normal body temperature. It is better to wrap such a hypothermic person in clothing inside a sleeping bag and allow him to shiver, which generates heat.

9. Frostbite

Frostbite is damage to the skin caused by extreme cold.

Myth: When someone has frostbite, you should rub the frozen area or apply snow.
When providing care for frostbite, don’t rub the frozen area or put snow on it. If you rub the skin, ice crystals inside the cells may damage the tissues. Rubbing snow on the area will only worsen the condition.

Do not run hot water over frozen skin to warm it. Doing this increases the risk of skin damage if the water is too hot. For the first aid for frostbite:

1. If possible, remove jewelry or other extraneous material that may restrict blood flow to the affected area.

2. Thaw the area only if you are sure it will not freeze again.

3. Warm the affected area using warm water, if available (approximately 38 to 40°C (100.4 to 104°F)) or body heat (e.g., by placing the person’s hands in their armpits or on the abdomen). You should be able to put your own hands in the water for a minute without feeling too warm.

4. If the frozen area has thawed, don’t break any blisters. Protect them with loose, dry dressings. If they are affected, place gauze between the fingers or toes.

5. If possible, elevate any thawed extremities above the level of the heart. 6. Thawing frostbite can be extremely painful, so the person may wish to take an over-the-counter painkiller. 7. Rehydrate the person by providing plenty of fluids. 8. Encourage the person to seek medical attention.

10. Hyperventilating

Hyperventilation is rapid, uncontrolled breathing.

Myth: If someone is hyperventilating, you should have them breathe into a paper bag.
It’s a traditional practice to treat hyperventilation by breathing into a paper bag, also known as “rebreathing,” When a person hyperventilates, they expel carbon dioxide too rapidly. Rebreathing exhaled air helps restore the lost gas and restore proper oxygen levels.

Several medical conditions, like asthma and heart attacks, look like hyperventilation and can cause confusion. In these cases, reducing oxygen and increasing carbon dioxide can be fatal.

One study described three cases in which people having heart attacks mistakenly thought they were hyperventilating and died after losing oxygen while they were breathing into bags. Breathing into a paper bag is unsafe; doctors do not recommend it.

For first aid for hyperventilation, the best treatment is to encourage the person to stay calm and take slow, controlled breaths. If the hyperventilation doesn’t stop, get medical assistance.

11. Seizures

A seizure is a sudden period of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain that causes short-lived abnormalities in muscle tone or body movements, behaviour, sensations, or level of consciousness.

Myth: You should put something between the teeth of a person having a seizure to prevent them from biting or swallowing their tongue.
This practice is unsafe and unnecessary. It is impossible to swallow one’s tongue. Although the person may bite down on the tongue, causing it to bleed, this is a minor problem compared to the risks of attempting to put an object in the person’s mouth.

The person could chip a tooth or knock a tooth loose, creating a choking hazard. The person may also bite down with enough force to break the object and then choke on one of the pieces. Additionally, attempting to place an object in the person’s mouth puts you at risk of being bitten. First aid for seizure:

Roll the person onto their side if you can do so safely to keep an open airway.
Remove any hazards and, if possible, put a pillow underneath the head.
Do not try to hold the person down or stop the seizure from happening.
Call EMS if:

• you don’t know the person or the person’s medical history.
• the seizure lasts more than a few minutes.
• the person has several seizures, one after another.
• the person is injured.
• the person is pregnant.
• the person is experiencing a diabetic emergency.
• the seizure happens in the water.
• this is the person’s first seizure, or you don’t know what caused the seizure.
• the person fails to wake up after the seizure or is unresponsive for a long time.

Protect the person from injury by:

• Moving furniture and other objects that could cause injury out of the way.
• Protecting the person’s head with a soft object (such as a blanket).

12. Fever

Myth: Rubbing alcohol brings down a fever.
Wiping rubbing alcohol on your skin makes the skin feel cooler, but doesn’t cool the body or reduce fever. Also, alcohol can be absorbed through the skin. For small children and infants, in particular, giving a child a sponge bath with rubbing alcohol can lead to alcohol poisoning. First aid for fever:

• Give the person a fever-reducing medicine that contains ibuprofen or acetaminophen.
• Call the person’s healthcare provider if you don’t know what to do or if the fever doesn’t go away.

13. Swallowed poisons

Myth: Induce vomiting in a poisoned person.
When a person has swallowed a poisonous substance, you might think vomiting it would help, but making them vomit can cause additional harm, and doctors do not recommend it. Sometimes, the person may vomit on their own.

In the past, people used a medicine called Ipecac Syrup to cause vomiting. However, this is not encouraged. A corrosive substance will damage the esophagus on the way down and again on the way up as it exits the body. It may cause inflammation and blockage. First aid for swallowed poison:

• If the person is not breathing, start CPR. Use a barrier device so you don’t contaminate yourself with the poison.
• Check the packaging of the poison, if possible, so that you know what it is.
• Induce vomiting only if told to do so by the EMS dispatcher or the Poison Control Centre.
• If the person needs to go to the hospital, bring a sample of the poison (or its original container).

14. Snake bites

Myth: You can help slow the spread of venom through the body by cutting the wound or applying suction, ice, electricity, or a tourniquet.
These measures are not effective in slowing the spread of venom. They are likely to cause pain and injury. First aid for snake bites is to seek medical attention as quickly as possible.

Call EMS and get an AED. If you are unsure whether a venomous snake caused the snakebite, call EMS anyway. Do not wait for life-threatening signs and symptoms of poisoning to appear.
Before providing care, ensure that the snake is no longer present. If you see the snake, remember what it looks like so that you can describe it to EMS personnel. This information will help them provide the most appropriate treatment. Never attempt to capture or handle a potentially venomous snake.
Keep the injured site still and level with the heart if possible.
If the bite is on a limb, remove jewelry or tight clothing from the limb and watch for swelling.
Wash the wound with water.
Cover the wounded area with a clean, dry dressing.
Don’t try to suck the venom out. The venom from the snake bite is shot into the bloodstream towards the heart and moves around the body. There is no way you could suck out all the venom. Instead, keep the bite below the level of the heart and try to stay calm as you contact the emergency medical services.

15. Jellyfish stings

Myth: Peeing on a jellyfish sting helps ease the pain.

Peeing on a jellyfish sting can do more harm than good. Urine only makes the jellyfish stinger release more venom, thus causing more pain for the patient.

For the first aid of jellyfish stings, call EMS and get an AED if the person is having airway or breathing problems, was stung on the face or neck, or does not know what caused the sting.

1. Get the person out of the water as soon as possible.

2. Flush the injured area with vinegar for at least 30 seconds to counteract the toxin. If vinegar is unavailable, mix baking soda and water into a paste and leave it on the area for 20 minutes.

3. While wearing gloves or using a towel, carefully remove any stingers, tentacles, or pieces of the animal.

4. Immerse the affected area in water as hot as the person can tolerate (no more than 45°C (113°F)) for at least 20 minutes or until the pain is relieved.

5. If hot water is unavailable, use dry hot packs or even dry cold packs to help decrease the pain. Remember to wrap the hot or cold packs in a thin, dry towel or cloth to protect the skin. Do not rub the area or apply a bandage.

If the person has been stung by a Portuguese man-of-war (a bluebottle jellyfish), flush the affected areas with ocean water instead of vinegar. Do not flush any jellyfish sting with fresh water, ammonia, or rubbing alcohol as these substances can increase the person’s pain.

16. Tick bites

Ticks are found in wooded, bushy areas, tall grass, and leaves on the ground. They can cause serious illnesses such as Lyme Disease.

Myth: You can remove a tick safely by burning it off with a flame or smothering it with petroleum jelly or nail polish.
More practical, safer, and quicker methods exist than these folk remedies.

If the tick hasn’t yet begun to dig into the flesh, remove it by brushing it off the skin.
If the tick has begun to bite, attempt to remove it in one piece as quickly as possible. The best tool for this is fine-tipped tweezers or a tick removal tool, such as a tick key. Use tweezers to grasp the tick by the head as close to the person’s skin as possible.
Pull upward slowly and steadily without twisting until the tick releases its hold. If you cannot remove the tick or its mouthparts stay in the skin, the person must seek medical attention.
Once you’ve removed the tick, wash the area with clean tap water. The running water’s pressure allows it to penetrate more deeply into the wound.
Save the tick in a resealable bag and record the date.
Advise the person to monitor the bite for several days for signs and symptoms of infection. The person should seek medical attention if they notice the area shows signs of infection, e.g., redness, warmth, and pain, or if they develop a fever.

17. Getting sued for giving first aid

Myth: You could get sued if you perform CPR.
For public safety, the law protects people taking reasonable actions to save someone’s life. If you stay with an injured person until help arrives and help them as best you can within the scope of your training, the law will protect you.

But what if the person dies?

If you started CPR and the person didn’t survive, know that you didn’t kill the person. If someone goes into cardiac arrest, the person is already dying. If no one starts CPR, their chances of surviving until EMS arrives are almost non-existent. Unless you know they have a signed do not resuscitate (DNR) order, the best thing you can do is start CPR.

Conclusions and Takeaways

There are many myths about first-aid treatment. The best way to become confident in your knowledge and skills is to take a first aid and CPR class from a well-recognized and respected organization like the Red Cross.

First aid and CPR training benefits everyone. It gives people the skills and confidence to act quickly and effectively in an emergency, giving sick or injured people the best chance of survival.

There is never a convenient time for an accident, injury, or sudden medical emergency. It’s essential to prepare and be ready to assist at any moment. There’s no better gift you can give a person than saving their life.